Bahal and Bahil

BAHAL AND BAHIL

BAHIL IS DERIVAL FROM THE SANSKRIT TERM BAHIRI WHICH MEANS OUTSIDE FORM BAHIRI THE WORD CHANGED TO BAHIRA-BAHIL AND THE MEWARI TERM OF BAHI.
IT WAS DESIGNED AS A PLACE FOR TRAINING, TEACHING,PREACHING EPICS AND TO GIVE SHELTER AND FOOD TO VISITING MONKS.
UNTIL QUITE RECENT TIMES THIS WAS A WELL PRESERVED BAHI STURCTUE WITH A CONTINUOUS TWO STOREYED BUILDING RUNNING RIGHT ROUND THE QUADRANGLE WITH OPEN ROOMS ON THE GROUND FLOOR AND WOODEN SCREENS FACING THE UPPER VERANDA.
THE ENTRANCE TO THE SHRINE IS MARKED BY TWO SMALL STONE LIONS AND THE CELLA ITSELF IS SITUATED SO THANT ONE CAN CIRCUMAMBULATE IT. THE KWAPA-DYA IS AND IMAGE OF AKSOBHYA FACING NORTH.
THE SANGHA OF THIS BAHI NOW CONSISTS OF ONLY THREE HOUSEHOLDS OF "VAJRACARYAS" WITH TWELVE INITIATED MEMBERS. BOTH BARECHUYEGU AND ACALUYEGU INITIATION ARE PERFORMED HERE, AND THE VAJRACARYAS OF THIS SANGHA HAVE TRADITIONALLY SERVED AS PRIESTS FOR ALL THE MEMBER FAMILIES OF THE FIFTEEN BAHIS.
BY ALL ACCOUNTS THIS IS AN ANCIENT FOUNDATION, BUT THERE ARE NO EARLY INSCRIPITION OR REFERENCES TO THIS BAHI. SEVERAL INSCREPTIONS IN THE COURTYARD NOTE LATE DONATIONS, BUT THE EARLIEST OF THESE IS DATED N.S. 788. AN INSCREPTION OF N.S. 839 GOVES TJE MA,E PF TJE BAJOS AS ";LOKAKRTI --NAKA VIHARA. THE COURTYARD WAS PAVED IN N.S. 842 AND A METAL CONOPY DONATED IN N.S. 1002.

NARAYANHITI PALACE


We criticize their deeds and question their brazen character; yet the building trend that they set was extraordinary. They were none other than the Ranas who no doubt had and absolute style of building their palaces marking their autocratic regime, which in fact were all simply a game of expression of power. Everything they built was massive; scale was something no one had seen before. Palaces, halls, gardens, stages and entertainment buildings had new definitions and a lot of grandeur that awed every one. Moreover, defining the characteristic of the palace is deeply engraved with their social behaviout and family upheaval. the Rana family no doubt had and absolute style of building their palaces which were all a game of expression of power.

stairs of swayambhu nath

Stairs of Swayambhu nath

To get to the top of  Swayambhu nath, a pilgrim has to ascent 365 stair, each representing a day of the year.Such architecture is common in the Hindu-Byddgust world, where temples are often designed to represent the order of the cosmos.The top platform of Swayambhunath itself is laid out as a mandala, or holy digram. Shrines and statues ar placed at the cardinal direction around the stupa,with each representing a different physical element.

Indian Style Temple, Swayambhu nath

Indian Temple at Swayambhu nath

the Pratapura Shikara, pictured here is one of two Indian-style temples that flank the Great Thunderbolt at the entrance to the stupa platform. These were built in 1646 by the King of Nepal, Partap Malla. According to local belief, building these temples gave the king the spiritual force necessary to win wars over neighboring Tibetans,ensuring Nepal's sovereignty over the area

Architectural of Swayambhu nath

Architectural point of view

Amazing to look at, the architectural beauty of Swayambhu nath Temple gives way to the feelings of reverence and adoration. The stupa consists of a dome at the base and a cubical structure with eyes of Buddha looking in all the four directions. there are eight pentagonal Toran attached with the dome. Each Toran has Gajur in its top and a space inside it, which contains statue of god. Following are the name and position of each god.


Aksobhya +Vairochana: It is situated in the eastern part of the stupa.


Mamaki Tara: It is situated in the east-south part of the stupa.


Ratna Shambhava: It is situated in the south part of the stupa.


Pandhara: It is situated in the south-west part of the stupa.


Amitabha: It is situated in the west part of the stupa.


Tara: It is situated in the west-north part of the stupa.


Amocha siddhi: It is situated in the north part of the stupa.


Saptalochani: It is situated in the east-north part of the stupa.

Nepalese Architecture (Swayambhu nath)

Introduction

The Buddhist temple of Swayambhu nath situated on the top of a hill, west of Kathmandu, is one of the most popular, holy and instantly recognizable symbols of Nepal. The temple is also known as the "monkey temple" because of the large tribe of roving monkeys who guard the temple. Its lofty white dome and glittering golden spire are visible for many miles and from all sides of the valley .The area surrounding the stupa is filled with chaitya, temples, painted images of deities and numerous other religious objects.

Swayambhu nath's worshippers include Hindus, Vajrayana Buddhists of northern Nepal and Tibet and the Newari Buddhists of central and southern Nepal. Each morning before dawn, hundreds of pilgrims will ascend the 365 steps that lead up the hill, file past the dfilded
vajra (Tibetan: Dorje) and two lions guarding the entrance and begin a series of clockwise circumambulation of the stupa ( Newari Buddhists circle in the opposite, counter clockwise direction.)

CEDA Building: Analysis

Analysis:

The architect has designed the building for the purpose of the research training and consultancy services. The architect has designed the building according to the surrounding built enveronment. He has also provided the lighning system basically from the roof top.Where as the other lightening system is provided through the side walls. Even with all these effort of providing the proper light there are some places with the insufficient light like in the circular staircase provided behing the inclined roof building.Thought the lihgt is channedled to the staircase though the circular structure opening on the roof top, ther is no proper and suffidien distributation of the light in  the staircase. Beside these problems, there is the insuffidient maintenace of the detorinating sturctural components.

There is no use of the sound insulating material at the building. In the auditorium hall also we found no use of insulating material and sound absorbing material. The auditorium hall is in fan shape, which is proper shape for the hall.

Artifical lighting system of CEDA Building

Artifical lighting system

There are two types of lighting bulbs:

One of which is incandescent lamp and another fluorescent lamp. The ceiling height is very high so the lighting bulbs are handed with the help of string.

In auditorium hall. the artificial lights are provided from the platform built entrance.

These type of light is meanly used at library which having high ceiling.


Acoustic

Talking about acoustic, there is not the proper acoustic material used within the building that hvae the directly used as to focus the sound distribution on the building. The buildings have been provided with the thick wall. In the conference hall and the aduditorium hall there were not provided with the acoustic material for make the sound better. Though the roof of the auditorium have be made fan shaped. That direct the sound to the middle of the room where is the main audiences been seated. There is no proper ventilation system provided.

Lighting system of CEDA Building

Lighting system

lighting system for this building is provided in two ways:

Natural lighting system

The main entrance of the building is in the direction of East while the main lighting provided for the slanghted roof building is provided form the north and the up towards the sky.

The upper portion of the slanghted roof building is built in the symmetic system the two building side is divided into equal part by the corridors provided in the middle of the building.
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The natual light on the building are provided through different type of opening (window, tops light windows). There is least opening on the side wall of the building. From staircase diffused lights are driven to the corridors and rooms, where the top lighting system is difficult to provide. The administrative building is built in the land full of level difference and each level is provided direct light from east direction above the door level. the stair provided in the north side have very unique style of lighting thought is has not been designed for proper distribution of the lighting on the whole staircase. It have been proveded with the chimney stack like structure at the centre of the circular stai and the as if the circular pipe is cut at the portion and used to porvides the diffuse rather than the direct light. At some place the direct light are also provided with the help of vertical and small width windows

In auditorium hall, the natural light enters form in front of the stage, where there are no other openings on the side wall. The size of the opening is large.

Architectural Building of Nepal

CEDA BUILDING

The CEDA building is located at kritipur, kathmandu, Nepal. the full form of CEDA is Centre for Economic Development and Administration. Austrian architect, Karl Purssa has design the building on 1969 AD for the proposed of providing research, training and consultancy services to different agencies.

Material used and construction technology

The design seems to draw towards organic architecture as it attempts to co-exist with the site. this building at a first sight gives us reflection of a traditional Nepali brick exposed buildings with modern forms. Modern forms in such a way that the design epitomizes the site, with floors arranged at different level and connected by a central staircase with angled roof another wit the dome shape and circular elevation.

Most remarkably he has used Newari Architectural beliefs and scale in his design which shows a degree of sensititvity to the local building culture. Rather than superimposing forms with different symbolic and cultural value as and element.there is an attempt to interpret the intangible aspects in the design.

Following materials are mainly used for the construction of the building

Brick, timber, steel, concrete cement, glasses.

Introduction to Architecture

Architecture is the simple form can be defined as the Art (because it has to look beautiful) and Science (because it has to take the load and transfer to the ground) of building. It is the three dimensional visual form of Building Art.

Architect is the person who creates this mystic art and the environment as well to live. Architect is termed as a poet or and artist.

The word “architecture” comes from the Latin architura and that from Greek (architectu), which means “master builder”.

Vitruvius (a Roman writer, architect and engineer), the 1^st century Roman Writer in his De Architecture Libri Decem (ten Books on Architecture) has stated the 1^st principles and requirement of design: Utilitias, Firmitas, Venustas.

Building should have practical function i.e. Convenient. (Utilitas)

Building should be structurally sound i.e. durable. (Frimitas)

Building should be aesthetic i.e. Beautiful. (Venustas)

Bases for development of Architecture

Histroy shows that following are the bases for the development of Architecture.

1. fear
2. love
3. death
4. hope

terms used in Architecture

1. Aesthetics
2. Form
3. Function
4. Space
5. Space Art
6. Symbol
7. Context